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Evaluating Liver Test Abnormalities: Understanding the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease

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This online course teaches the user how to evaluate abnormal liver chemistries in the context of a broad understanding of the pathophysiology of liver injury. It is designed for providers who are non-liver specialists, particularly mid-level healthcare providers. Participants will learn common differential diagnosis for each pattern of liver injury, to initiate appropriate investigations based on the pattern of liver injury, recognize clinical manifestations of hepatic failure, and identify patients with liver disease who require hospitalization.

New HIV Infections in the United States, 2006 - 2009

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This information sheet presents the latest estimates of new HIV infections (HIV incidence) in the United States released by CDC. These estimates are included in the CDC report, "Estimated HIV Incidence among Adults and Adolescents in the United States 2007-2010," which updates previously published estimates for 2007 through 2009. The new estimates indicate two trends: early signs of a decrease in new HIV infections among black women and an increase in new infections among young gay and bisexual men.

HIV and AIDS Among African American Youth

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This information sheet discusses HIV/AIDS among African American youth in the United States. It explains that African American youth are severely affected by HIV. About 57 percent of new infections are among 13 to 29-year-old African American youths. The rate of infection among young black men is higher than that for any other race/ethnicity, and three quarters of the new infections are among young black gay/bisexual men. Also, young black women are far more affected by HIV than young women of other races.

Challenges in HIV Prevention

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Each year in the United States, approximately 50,000 people become infected with HIV, and nearly 15,000 people with AIDS die annually.

The Future of HIV Prevention

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In the United States, it is estimated that prevention efforts have already averted more than 350,000 HIV infections. Since the height of the epidemic in the mid-1980s, the annual number of new HIV infections in the United States has been reduced by more than two-thirds, and recent scientific breakthroughs have equipped the United States with an unprecedented number of effective tools to prevent infection. CDC states that maximizing the impact of these tools within the framework of a new approach, called High-Impact Prevention, offers more hope than ever before for reversing the U.S.

Proven HIV Prevention Methods

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There are more tools to effectively prevent HIV than ever before. Since no single strategy provides complete protection or is right for all individuals, a combination of methods is needed to help reduce HIV transmission. CDC and its partners are currently pursuing a High-Impact Prevention approach to reducing the continued toll of HIV. This approach seeks to use the best mix of proven, cost-effective, and scalable interventions for high-risk populations and areas of the nation (see "Future of HIV Prevention" fact sheet for information).

Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States

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This fact sheet explains two analyses published by CDC that examined the severe human and economic burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. The new estimates indicate that there are about 20 million new U.S. infections each year, half of which occur among the nation’s youth. Also, there are more than 110 million STIs in the United States, which cost the health care system approximately $16 billion in medical costs alone.

MMWR: CDC Guidance for Evaluating Health-Care Personnel for Hepatitis B Virus Protection and for Administering Postexposure Management

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This serial contains CDC guidance that augments the 2011 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for evaluating hepatitis B protection among health-care personnel (HCP) and administering post-exposure prophylaxis. Although the rate of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections have declined approximately 89% during 1990–2011, from 8.5 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 population in the United States, the risk for occupationally acquired HBV among HCP persists, largely from exposures to patients with chronic HBV infection.

Locations and Reasons for Initial Testing for Hepatitis C Infection — Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study, United States, 2006-2010

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This report presents results of a survey to understand where and why individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection got their intial testing. An analysis of 2006–2010 survey results from 4,689 participants in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study indicated that a substantial proportion of HCV-infected patients were tested only after clinical indications that their infection had progressed and became symptomatic.

HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Social Determinants of Health Among Adults With Diagnosed HIV Infection in 18 Areas, 2005-2009

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This report focuses on the social determinants of health (SDH) and its crossover to HIV rates in the United States from 2005-2009. It explains that SDH refers to the overlapping social structures and economic systems that are responsible for most health inequities. Thirteen tables break down rates of HIV diagnoses by indicators such as sex, age, area of residence, race, and transmission category.