HIV

This report describes the HIV epidemic in Puerto Rico in 2006. The Puerto Rico Department of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed data on diagnoses of HIV infection, including infections that occurred in 2006 and in previous years, and used a stratified extrapolation approach developed by CDC to generate HIV incidence estimates. Results indicate that in 2006, an estimated 1,440 individuals aged 13 years or older were newly infected with HIV.

This report presents data for 2002-2007 on sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10-24 years in the United States. Data were compiled from the National Vital Statistics System and multiple surveys and surveillance systems that monitor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. The report addresses three primary topics: (1) current levels of risk behavior and health outcomes; (2) disparities by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and geographic residence; and (3) trends over time.

This report describes the most recent trends in diagnoses of perinatal HIV infection by race/ethnicity, by summarizing results of analyses of national surveillance data from 34 states from 2004-2007. During 2004-2007, 85 percent of diagnoses of perinatal HIV were in blacks or African Americans (69 percent) or Hispanics or Latinos (16 percent). The average annual rate of diagnoses of perinatal HIV during that time was 12.3 per 100,000 among blacks, 2.1 per 100,000 among Hispanics, and 0.5 per 100,000 among whites.

This report describes HIV testing by the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) to assess HIV case identification, characterize HIV risk factors, and estimate the proportion of detainees who might not have been tested if testing had been delayed. Since 1991, RIDOC has offered testing routinely to every person admitted as part of the initial medical evaluation conducted within 24 hours of jail admission. Records of HIV testing of detainees during 2000-2007 were reviewed. About 102,229 tests were administered, and 169 detainees were diagnosed.

This information sheet discusses the Act Against AIDS Leadership Initiative (AAALI), a $10 million, five-year partnership with 14 of the nation’s leading African-American organizations. The AAALI aims to use the collective strength and reach of these traditional, longstanding African-American institutions to increase HIV awareness, knowledge, and action in black communities. The information sheet describes how the organizations were chosen and the work they are expected to undertake such as communication, mobilization, and outreach activities.

This information sheet points out that the fungus Cryptococcus is the most common cause of meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa, and is a leading cause of death among people with HIV. Although it is not possible to prevent the initial infection with Cryptococcus, screening for cryptococcal antigen can detect disease before meningitis develops so treatment can begin and prevent death. A rapid, point-of-care dipstick test is now available for use in screening.

This information sheet presents new estimates of the annual number of new HIV infections (HIV incidence) in the United States released by CDC in August 2011. The estimates, for 2006 through 2009, are the first multi-year estimates using CDC’s national HIV incidence surveillance methodology, which is based on direct measurement of new HIV infections using a laboratory test (the BED HIV-1 Capture Enzyme Immunoassay) that can classify new diagnoses as either recent or long-standing HIV infections.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Stepwise Approach for Detecting, Evaluating, and Treating Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection provides recommendations for the medical management of federal inmates with chronic hepatitis B, or who are otherwise at risk of infection. The treatment of chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy or with hepatocellular carcinoma is beyond the scope of this guideline. For a more in-depth discussion of vaccination strategies and management of blood and body fluid exposures, the reader should refer to the BOP Clinical Practice Guidelines for those topics.

This report provides a short history of the discovery of HIV/AIDS and the present epidemiology and US National HIV/AIDS strategy.

This monograph is a sourcebook that provides information about HIV infection for professionals who work in today’s health care system. It is meant be a convenient reference for some of the most common issues encountered in daily practice. It contains an outline of basic HIV patient care, and a list of resources that can be accessed locally. It presents guidelines and recommendations related to antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment of opportunistic diseases, HIV testing and counseling, prevention of perinatal transmission, and post-exposure prophylaxis.