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This long-term population study examines the real-world effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in preventing HPV infections among adolescent and young adult women, including those who remained unvaccinated. Conducted in Cincinnati from 2006 to 2023 and involving 2,335 participants aged 13–26, the research evaluated the impact of the 2-, 4-, and 9-valent HPV vaccines as community vaccination rates rose from 0% to 82% over 17 years.
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