Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

This MMWR issue updates and combines earlier guidelines (published 2002 and 2004) for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs) in adults and adolescents infected with HIV. The guidelines were developed by a panel of specialists from the United States government and academic institutions and are intended for use by clinicians and other health care providers, HIV-infected patients, and policy makers in the United States. They address OIs that occur in the United States and five OIs that might be acquired during international travel. For each OI, the issue presents the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention of exposure. Also presented for each OI are the prevention of disease by chemoprophylaxis and vaccination, discontinuation of primary prophylaxis after immune reconstitution, treatment of the disease, monitoring for adverse effects, management of treatment failure, prevention of disease recurrence, discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis after immune reconstitution, and special considerations during pregnancy. The recommendations are rated by a revised version of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) rating system.